@article {KNZ001407,
	title = {Effects of rangeland management on the site occupancy dynamics of prairie-chickens in a protected prairie preserve},
	journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {38 -47},
	abstract = {<p>We investigated the site occupancy dynamics of greater prairie-chickens at Konza Prairie Biological Station, a protected site in northeastern Kansas that is managed for ecological research. We surveyed the site during mid-Mar to mid-May, 1981\&ndash;2008, and recorded detections of birds in a grid of 6.3\&thinsp;ha survey plots (n\&thinsp;=\&thinsp;187 plots). We used multiseason occupancy models to estimate the probabilities of occupancy (ψ) and detection (p), and tested whether land cover in woody vegetation, and land use with prescribed fire or grazing management influenced the dynamic processes of site colonization and local extinction. Probability of detection per site was consistently \&lt;1 and varied among years (p\&thinsp;=\&thinsp;0.12\&ndash;0.82). Site occupancy of prairie-chickens declined 40\% over the study period from a high of ψ\&thinsp;=\&thinsp;0.19\&thinsp;\&plusmn;\&thinsp;0.02\&thinsp;SE in 1981 to a low of 0.11\&thinsp;\&plusmn;\&thinsp;0.03 in 2008, despite protection from disturbance at leks and losses to harvest. We found that different sets of environmental factors impacted the probabilities of colonization and local extinction. Probability of colonization for an unoccupied site was negatively associated with the proportion of site occupied by woodland cover (β\&thinsp;=\&thinsp;\&minus;1.25), and was lower for grazed sites (β\&thinsp;=\&thinsp;\&minus;0.62). In contrast, probability of local extinction was affected by a weak interaction between grazing and average frequency of prescribed fire (β\&thinsp;=\&thinsp;\&minus;1.01), but model-averaged slope coefficients were not statistically different than 0. To conserve prairie-chickens, we recommend prairies be managed with combinations of prescribed fire and grazing that maintain a heterogeneous mosaic of prairie habitats, while preventing woody encroachment. To assess biotic responses to land management practices, field sampling should be based on occupancy models or similar techniques that account for imperfect detection. \&copy; 2011 The Wildlife Society.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, colonization, detection probabilities, greater prairie-chicken, Kansas;Konza Prairie Biological Station, local extinction, occupancy modeling, Tympanuchus cupido},
	doi = {10.1002/jwmg.237},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.237},
	author = {McNew, L.B. and Prebyl, T.J. and Sandercock, B.K.}
}
@article {KNZ001297,
	title = {Hierarchical modeling of lek habitats of Greater Prairie-Chickens},
	journal = {Studies in Avian Biology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {21 -32},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	url = {https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/documents/R2ES/LitCited/LPC_2012/Gregory_et_al_2011.pdf},
	author = {Gregory, A.J. and McNew, L.B. and Prebyl, T.J. and Sandercock, B.K. and Wisely, S.M.}
}
@article {KNZ001437,
	title = {Land fragmentation under rapid urbanization: A cross-site analysis of Southwestern cities},
	journal = {Urban Ecosystems},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {429 -455},
	abstract = {<p>Explosive population growth and increasing demand for rural homes and lifestyles fueled exurbanization and urbanization in the western USA over the past decades. Using National Land Cover Data we analyzed land fragmentation trends from 1992 to 2001 in five southwestern cities associated with Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. We observed two general fragmentation trends: expansion of the urbanized area leading to fragmentation in the exurban and peri-urban regions and decreased fragmentation associated with infill in the previously developed urban areas. We identified three fragmentation patterns, riparian, polycentric, and monocentric, that reflect the recent western experience with growth and urbanization. From the literature and local expert opinion, we identified five relevant drivers \&ndash; water provisioning, population dynamics, transportation, topography, and institutions \&ndash; that shape land use decision-making and fragmentation in the southwest. In order to assess the relative importance of each driver on urbanization, we linked historical site-specific driver information obtained through literature reviews and archival analyses to the observed fragmentation patterns. Our work highlights the importance of understanding land use decision-making drivers in concert and throughout time, as historic decisions leave legacies on landscapes that continue to affect land form and function, a process often forgotten in a region and era of blinding change.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, Exurbanization, Land fragmentation, The US Southwest, Urban ecology},
	doi = {10.1007/s11252-011-0157-8},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs11252-011-0157-8},
	author = {York, A.M. and Shrestha, M. and Boone, C.G. and Zhang, S. and J. A. Harrington and Prebyl, T.J. and Swann, A. and Agar, M. and Antolin, M.F. and Nolen, B. and Wright, J.B. and Skaggs, R.}
}
