@article {KNZ00943,
	title = {Generality in ecology: testing North American grassland rules in South African savannas},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {483 -491},
	abstract = {Ecology has emerged as a global science, and there is a pressing need to identify ecological rules {\textendash} general principles that will improve its predictive capability for scientists and its usefulness for managers and policy makers. Ideally, the generality and limits of these ecological rules should be assessed using extensive, coordinated experiments that ensure consistency in design and comparability of data. To improve the design of these large-scale efforts, existing data should be used to test prospective ecological rules and to identify their limits and contingencies. As an example of this approach, we describe prospective rules for grassland responses to fire and rainfall gradients, identified from long-term studies of North American grasslands and tested with existing data from long-term experiments in South African savanna grasslands. Analyses indicated consistent effects of fire on the abundance of the dominant (grasses) and subdominant (forbs) flora on both continents, but no common response of grass or forb abundance across a rainfall gradient. Such analyses can inform future research designs to refine and more explicitly test ecological rules.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0483:GIETNA]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Alan K. Knapp and M.D. Smith and Scott. L. Collins and Zambatis, N. and Peel, M. and Emery, S.M. and Wojdak, J. and Horner-Devine, M.C. and Biggs, H. and Kruger, J. and Andelman, S.J.}
}
@article {KNZ00957,
	title = {Invasion in space and time: non-native species richness and relative abundance respond to interannual variation in productivity and diversity},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {947 -957},
	abstract = {Ecologists have long sought to understand the relationships among species diversity, community productivity and invasion by non-native species. Here, four long-term observational datasets were analyzed using repeated measures statistics to determine how plant species richness and community resource capture (i.e. productivity) influenced invasion. Multiple factors influenced the results, including the metric used to quantify invasion, interannual variation and spatial scale. Native richness was positively correlated with non-native richness, but was usually negatively correlated with non-native abundance, and these patterns were stronger at the larger spatial scale. Logistic regressions indicated that the probability of invasion was reduced both within and following years with high productivity, except at the desert grassland site where high productivity was associated with increased invasion. Our analysis suggests that while non-natives were most likely to establish in species rich communities, their success was diminished by high resource capture by the resident community.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00655.x},
	author = {Cleland, E.E. and M.D. Smith and Andelman, S.J. and Bowles, C. and Carney, K.M. and Horner-Devine, M.C. and Drake, J.M. and Emery, S.M. and Gramling, J.M. and Vandermast, D.B.}
}
