@article {KNZ001392,
	title = {Complexity in climate change impacts: An analytical framework for effects mediated by plant disease},
	journal = {Plant Pathology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {15 -30},
	abstract = {<p>The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services are complex in the sense that effective prediction requires consideration of a wide range of factors. Useful analysis of climate-change impacts on crops and native plant systems will often require consideration of the wide array of other biota that interact with plants, including plant diseases, animal herbivores, and weeds. We present a framework for analysis of complexity in climate-change effects mediated by plant disease. This framework can support evaluation of the level of model complexity likely to be required for analysing climate-change impacts mediated by disease. Our analysis incorporates consideration of the following set of questions for a particular host, pathogen, host\&ndash;pathogen combination, or geographic region. 1. Are multiple biological interactions important? 2. Are there environmental thresholds for population responses? 3. Are there indirect effects of global change factors on disease development? 4. Are spatial components of epidemic processes affected by climate? 5. Are there feedback loops for management? 6. Are networks for intervention technologies slower than epidemic networks? 7. Are there effects of plant disease on multiple ecosystem services? 8. Are there feedback loops from plant disease to climate change? Evaluation of these questions will help in gauging system complexity, as illustrated for fusarium head blight and potato late blight. In practice, it may be necessary to expand models to include more components, identify those components that are the most important, and synthesize such models to include the optimal level of complexity for planning and research prioritization.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, cereal head blight, disease risk, ecosystem services, fusarium graminearum, phytophthora infestans, potato late blight},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02409.x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02409.x},
	author = {Garrett, K.A. and Forbes, G.A. and Savary, S. and Skelsey, P. and Sparks, A.H. and Valdivia, C. and van Bruggen, A.H.C. and Willocquet, L. and Djurle, A. and Duveiller, E. and Eckersten, H. and Pande, S. and Vera Cruz, C. and Yuen, J.}
}
@article {KNZ001254,
	title = {Beyond yield: plant disease in the context of ecosystem services},
	journal = {Phytopathology},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1228 -1236},
	abstract = {<p>The ecosystem services concept provides a means to define successful disease management more broadly, beyond short-term crop yield evaluations. Plant disease can affect ecosystem services directly, such as through removal of plants providing services, or indirectly through the effects of disease management activities, including pesticide applications, tillage, and other methods of plant removal. Increased plant biodiversity may reduce disease risk if susceptible host tissue becomes less common, or may increase risk if additional plant species are important in completing pathogen life cycles. Arthropod and microbial biodiversity may play similar roles. Distant ecosystems may provide a disservice as the setting for the evolution of pathogens that later invade a focal ecosystem, where plants have not evolved defenses. Conversely, distant ecosystems may provide a service as sources of genetic resources of great value to agriculture, including disease resistance genes. Good policies are needed to support conservation and optimal use of genetic resources, protect ecosystems from exotic pathogens, and limit the homogeneity of agricultural systems. Research is needed to provide policy makers, farmers, and consumers with the information required for evaluating trade-offs in the pursuit of the full range of ecosystem services desired from managed and native ecosystems.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, biological control},
	doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-99-11-1228},
	url = {https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-99-11-1228},
	author = {Cheatham, M.R. and Rouse, M.N. and Esker, P.D. and Ignacio, S. and Pradel, W. and Raymundo, R. and Sparks, A.H. and Forbes, G.A. and Gordon, T.R. and Garrett, K.A.}
}
@inbook {KNZ001257,
	title = {Plant pathogens as indicators of climate change},
	booktitle = {Climate and Global Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {425 -437},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADU515.pdf},
	author = {Garrett, K.A. and Nita, M. and De Wolf, E.D. and Gomez, L. and Sparks, A.H.},
	editor = {Letcher, T.}
}
