@article {KNZ001236,
	title = {Effects of grazing minnows (Phoxinus erythrogaster) and crayfish (Orconectes nais and O. neglectus) on stream ecosystem structure and function},
	journal = {Journal of the North American Benthological Society},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {772 -782},
	abstract = {<p>We compared the effects of 2 common grazers, southern redbelly dace (Phoxinus erythrogaster) and crayfish (Orconectes spp.), on ecosystem structure and function in experimental streams with pool and riffle habitats. Our goal was to identify potentially overlapping roles of these grazers in these systems. Measures of ecosystem structure included algal filament length, particulate organic matter (POM), densities of invertebrate taxa, and algal biomass. Ecosystem function was measured as gross primary productivity (GPP). Biomass-dependent effects of crayfish and dace on ecosystem properties were compared in autumn 2005 when mean water temperature was 12.9\&deg;C (range 7.6\&ndash;27.9\&deg;C). Increasing crayfish biomass did not influence ecosystem properties, but increasing dace biomass negatively affected algal filament length and chironomid abundance and positively affected chydorid abundance. Effects of moderately high biomasses of dace and crayfish were compared in spring 2006 when mean water temperature was 21.4\&deg;C (range 17.5\&ndash;29.9\&deg;C). Algal filament lengths were generally low relative to values obtained in autumn 2005 in both dace and crayfish treatments. In addition, algal filament length was shorter and chironomid density was lower in crayfish than in dace streams. The contrasting effects of dace and crayfish across sampling days, seasons, and habitats led us to hypothesize that physiological and behavioral traits of these species might limit the redundancy of their effects on ecosystems across broad spatial and temporal scales.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, context-dependent effects, experimental streams, foraging behavior, periphyton, physiology, Prairie stream, Primary production, Temperature},
	doi = {10.1899/07-136.1},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1899/07-136.1},
	author = {Bengtson, J.R. and Evans-White, M.A. and K. B. Gido}
}
@article {KNZ001117,
	title = {Linking benthic algal biomass to stream substratum topography},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {449 -460},
	abstract = {The physical properties of substrata significantly influence benthic algal development. We explored the relationships among substratum surface texture and orientation with epilithic microphytobenthic biomass accumulation at the whole-substratum and micrometer scales. Unglazed clay tiles set at three orientations (horizontal, vertical, and 45{\textdegree}), and six substrata of varying surface roughness were deployed in a prairie stream for 3 weeks. Substrata were analyzed for loosely attached, adnate, and total benthic algal biomass as chl a, and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure substrata microtopography (i.e., roughness, microscale slope angles, and three-dimensional surface area). At the whole-substratum level, vertical substrata collected significantly (P < 0.05) less algal biomass, averaging 34\% and 36\% less than horizontal and 45{\textdegree} substrata, respectively. Benthic algal biomass was also significantly less on smoother surfaces; glass averaged 29\% less biomass than stream rocks. At the microscale level, benthic algal biomass was the greatest at intermediate values, peaking at a mean roughness of approximately 17 μm, a mean microscale slope of 50{\textdegree}, and a projected/areal surface area ratio of 2:1. The proportion of adnate algae increased with surface roughness (26\% and 67\% for glass and brick, respectively), suggesting that substratum type changes the efficiency of algal removal by brushing. Individual substrata and microsubstrata characteristics can have a strong effect on benthic algae development and potentially affect reach scale algal variability as mediated by geomorphology.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, confocal microscopy, microphytobenthos, orientation, periphyton, roughness, surface area},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00357.x},
	author = {Murdock, J.N. and W. K. Dodds}
}
@article {KNZ00888,
	title = {The role of periphyton in phosphorus retention in shallow freshwater aquatic systems},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {830 -849},
	abstract = {<p>Eutrophication caused by phosphorus (P) leads to water quality problems in aquatic systems, particularly freshwaters, worldwide. Processing of nutrients in shallow habitats removes P from water naturally and periphyton influences P removal from the water column in flowing waters and wetlands. Periphyton plays several roles in removing P from the water column, including P uptake and deposition, filtering particulate P from the water, and attenuating flow, which decreases advective transport of particulate and dissolved P from sediments. Furthermore, periphyton photosynthesis locally increases pH by up to 1 unit, which can lead to increased precipitation of calcium phosphate, concurrent deposition of carbonate-phosphate complexes, and long-term burial of P. Actively photosynthesizing periphyton can cause super-saturated O2 concentrations near the sediment surface encouraging deposition of metal phosphates. However, anoxia associated with periphyton respiration at night may offset this effect. Linking the small-scale functional role of periphyton to ecosystem-level P retention will require more detailed studies in a variety of ecosystems or large mesocosms. A case study from the Everglades illustrates the importance of considering the role of periphyton in P removal from wetlands. In general, periphyton tends to increase P retention and deposition. In pilot-scale constructed periphyton-dominated wetlands in South Florida, about half of the inflowing total P was removed.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, eutrophication, microalgae, microphytobenthos, periphyton, phosphate, Phosphorus, tertiary treatment, water quality},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02081.x},
	author = {W. K. Dodds}
}
@article {KNZ00636,
	title = {Suggested classification for stream trophic state: Distributions of temperate stream types by chlorophyll, total nitrogen and phosphorus},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1455 -1462},
	abstract = {Aquatic scientists and managers have no conventional mechanism with which to characterize and compare nutrients and algal biomass in streams within a broader context analogous to trophic state categorization in lakes by chlorophyll (chl) and nutrients. We analyzed published data for a large number of distinct, temperate, stream sites for mean benthic chl (n=286), maximum benthic chl (n=176), sestonic chl (n=292), total nitrogen (n=1070), and total phosphorus (n=1366) as a first effort to establish criteria for trophic boundaries. Two classification systems are proposed. In the first system, the boundary between oligotrophic and mesotrophic categories is defined by the lower third of the cumulative distribution of the values. The mesotrophic{\textendash}eutrophic boundary is defined by the upper third of the distribution. In the second system, individual streams are placed more precisely in a broad geographic context by assessing the proportion of streams that have greater or lesser nutrient and chl values. The proposed relationships for streams were compared to trophic criteria published for lakes. The proposed trophic boundaries for streams generally include a broader range of values in the mesotrophic range than conventional criteria for lakes. The ratio of maximum to mean benthic chl for streams was significantly higher than that found for planktonic chl in lakes, reflecting the greater variance in streams. This high variance in streams suggests that the proposed stream trophic criteria should be viewed only as a general first approach to categorizing stream ecosystems.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, Chlorophyll, eutrophic, mesotrophic, nitrogen, nutrients, oligotrophic, periphyton, Phosphorus, rivers, streams},
	doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00370-9},
	author = {W. K. Dodds and Jones, J.R. and Welch, E.B.}
}
@article {KNZ00535,
	title = {The relationship of floods, drying, flow and light to primary production and producer biomass in a prairie stream},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {333},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {151 -159},
	abstract = {Factors related to autochthonous production were investigated at several sites along a prairie stream at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area. Primary production, algal biomass, litter input, and ability of floods to move native substrate were measured. Additional experiments were conducted to establish the influence of light and water velocity on primary production rates and recovery of biomass following dry periods. The study period encompassed two extreme (> 50 year calculated return time) floods, thus we were able to analyze the effects of scour on periphyton biomass and productivity. Biomass of sedimentary algae was reduced greatly by flooding and did not reach preflood amounts during the 2 months following the first flood. Rates of primary production associated with sediments recovered to levels above preflood rates within 2 weeks. Biomass of epilithic periphyton was not affected as severely as that of sedimentary algae. Little relationship was observed between water velocity and photosythetic rates. Production reached maximum rates at 25\% of full sun light. Epilithic chlorophyll levels recovered within eight days following a dry period, and chl a was an order of magnitude greater on rocks than sediments 51 days after re-wetting. Estimated annual rates of primary production were 2.6 times greater in the prairie than in the forest reaches of the stream. The ratio of annual autochthonous:allochthonous carbon input was 4.81 for prairie and 0.32 for the forest. Periphyton production in prairie streams is resilient with regard to flooding and drought and represents a primary carbon source for the system.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, autochthonous, Flood, light, periphyton, Primary production, water velocity},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00013429},
	author = {W. K. Dodds and Hutson, R.E. and Eichem, A.C. and Evans, M.E. and Gudder, D.A. and Fritz, K.M. and Gray, L.}
}
