@article {KNZ001002,
	title = {Branching responses in Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae) following mechanical or gall damage to apical meristems and neighbor removal},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {954 -959},
	abstract = {Branching in plants increases plant access to light and provides pathways for regrowth following damage or loss of the apical meristem. We conducted two experiments in an eastern Kansas tallgrass prairie to determine how apical meristem loss (by clipping), apical meristem damage (by insect galling), and increased light availability affected growth, reproduction, and branching in Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae). The first experiment compared clipping with galling. Clipping increased axillary shoot numbers, while galling increased axillary shoot lengths, reflecting different allocation responses among damage types and inhibition of branching by galls. However, total capitulum production was less in all gall/clip treatments than in intact shoots. The second experiment compared clipping with mowing the surrounding vegetation to increase light availability. Mowing increased total leaf, total capitulum, and axillary shoot length and axillary capitulum production in clipped and unclipped plants and in large vs. small shoots. The presence of the neighboring canopy, not of an intact apical meristem, was therefore the stronger limitation on leaf and capitulum production. These experiments suggest that damage and light competition affected both branching frequency and the partitioning of resources among shoots, branches, and leaves. Because Silphium{\textquoteright}s growth form is widespread, similar responses may occur in other grassland forbs.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, Antistrophus silphii, apical dominance, Asteraceae, branching competition, galls, Herbivory, Konza Prairie},
	doi = {10.3732/ajb.92.6.954},
	author = {Fay, P.A. and Throop, H.L.}
}
@article {KNZ00398,
	title = {Gallwasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) mortality in a spring tallgrass prairie fire},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {22},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1333 -1337},
	abstract = {The life history of the cynipid gall wasp, Antistrophus silphii Gillette, leaves it vulnerable to mortality in spring fires in the habitat of its host plant, Silphium integrifolium var. laeve Torrey and Gray. This article examines the mortality of gall wasp larvae during a prescribed bum at the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in the tallgrass prairie of northeast Kansas. The three goals of the study were to determine (1) if A: silphii galls are most frequently found on the tallest S. integrifolium shoots, (2) if there is a relationship between growing season gall height and overwinter lodging, and (3) if gall wasps can survive fire at the heights at which they are found after overwinter lodging. A 1988 survey found that galls were relatively rare on short shoots (<100 cm), were most abundant on middle-length shoots (100{\textendash}140 cm), and occurred at random on long shoots (>140 cm), suggesting that gall wasps avoided short shoots but that gall placement did not maximize gall height. A 1992 survey found that growing season gall height was not related to overwinter lodging of galled shoots, indicating that any gall wasp shoot selection patterns affecting later gall height were disrupted by winter lodging. Gall wasps placed at post-overwinter lodging heights were unable to survive an experimental fire, but a few gall wasps survived when placed above the range of naturally-occurring gall heights. A. silphii and other species with similar life histories must re-establish after fire by immigration, with subsequent population levels affected by indirect effects of fire on host-plant quality.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, Antistrophus silphii, fire, mortality},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/22.6.1333 },
	author = {Fay, P.A. and Samenus, R.J.J.}
}
