@article {KNZ001956, title = {The ecology and significance of below-ground bud banks in plants}, journal = {Annals of Botany}, volume = {123}, year = {2019}, pages = {1099 - 1118}, abstract = {

Background
Below-ground bud banks have experienced much recent interest due to discoveries that they (1) account for the majority of seasonal population renewal in many communities, (2) are crucial to regeneration following disturbance, and (3) have important consequences for plant population dynamics and plant and ecosystem function across a number of habitats.

Scope
This review presents an overview of the role of bud banks in plant population renewal, examines bud bank life history, summarizes bud bank traits and their potential ecological implications, synthesizes the response of bud banks to disturbance, and highlights gaps to guide future research. The characteristics and life history of buds, including their natality, dormancy, protection and longevity, provide a useful framework for advancing our understanding of bud banks. The fate of buds depends on their age, size, type, location, and biotic and abiotic factors that collectively regulate bud bank dynamics. A bud bank can provide a demographic storage effect stabilizing population dynamics, and also confer resistance to disturbance and invasion. Regeneration capacity following disturbance is determined by interactions among the rates of bud natality, depletion and dormancy (meristem limitation), and the resources available to support the regeneration process. The resulting response of plants and their bud banks to disturbances such as fire, herbivory and anthropogenic sources determines the community\’s regenerative capacity.

Conclusions
Vegetation responses to environmental change may be mediated through changes in bud bank dynamics and phenology. Environmental change that depletes the bud bank or prohibits its formation likely results in a loss of vegetation resilience and plant species diversity. Standardization of bud sampling, examination of bud banks in more ecosystems and their response to environmental variation and disturbance regimes, employment of stage-structured bud bank modelling and evaluation of the cost of bud bank construction and maintenance will benefit this expanding field of research.

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, below-ground organs, Bud, Bud bank, clonal, disturbance, Meristem, Plant traits, population dynamics}, issn = {0305-7364}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcz051}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/123/7/1099/5511692}, author = {Ott, Jacqueline P and Klime{\v s}ov{\'a}, Jitka and D.C. Hartnett} } @article {KNZ001692, title = {Bud bank dynamics and clonal growth strategy in the rhizomatous grass Pascopyrum smithii}, journal = {Plant Ecology}, volume = {216}, year = {2015}, pages = {395 -405}, abstract = {

Recruitment of rhizomatous perennial grass ramets primarily occurs from the belowground bud bank. Investment in guerilla versus phalanx growth is determined by bud availability, development, and spatial distribution. The tiller and bud bank dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii, a dominant rhizomatous grass of the northern mixed-grass prairie, were examined in South Dakota throughout an annual cycle to assess the investment in guerilla versus phalanx growth and the role of different bud populations in renewal versus regenerative functions and vegetative spread via rhizomes. Pascopyrum smithii invested substantially in both phalanx and guerilla tiller production. However, investment in rhizome production before tiller recruitment prioritized guerilla over phalanx growth. Annual tiller recruitment of P. smithii was capable of flexible timing, occurring in either spring or fall. Renewal buds, from which rhizomes and tillers were recruited, primarily consisted of the youngest generation of buds borne at the base of tillers. Although rhizome axillary buds and older tiller axillary buds were rarely used in annual tiller recruitment, they provided a sizable reserve (regenerative) bud bank. The spatial distribution of bud development produced the mixed guerrilla\–phalanx growth pattern and flexible tiller recruitment timing of P. smithii. Therefore, P. smithii is capable of employing both conservative and foraging growth strategies which will facilitate its persistence under local neighborhood variability and changing resource availability associated with environmental change. Understanding the spatial distribution of buds as determined by rhizome architecture is essential to understanding the distribution and composition of species within plant communities dominated by clonal species.

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, Bud, Guerilla, Phalanx Rhizome, Vegetative reproduction, Western wheatgrass}, doi = {10.1007/s11258-014-0444-6}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs11258-014-0444-6}, author = {Ott, J.P. and D.C. Hartnett} }