00484nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125300001300194490000700207100001600214700001900230856011300249 2001 eng d00aSpecies, season, and density of buried seeds surviving fox squirrel depredation0 aSpecies season and density of buried seeds surviving fox squirre a197 -2080 v331 aSmith, C.C.1 aBriggs, J., M. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/species-season-and-density-buried-seeds-surviving-fox-squirrel-depredation00564nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159300001300228490000800241100002000249700001600269700001600285856012900301 1999 eng d00aWeather effects on winter birds: the response of a Kansas winter bird community to weather, photoperiod, and year0 aWeather effects on winter birds the response of a Kansas winter  a550 -5580 v1111 aStapanian, M.A.1 aSmith, C.C.1 aFinck, E.J. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/weather-effects-winter-birds-response-kansas-winter-bird-community-weather-photoperiod-and00572nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129260003900198300001300237100001600250700001700266700001800283700001700301856010800318 1998 eng d00aThe evolution of reproduction in trees: Its effect on squirrel ecology and behavior0 aevolution of reproduction in trees Its effect on squirrel ecolog bVirginia Museum of Natural History a203 -2101 aSmith, C.C.1 aSteele, M.A.1 aMerritt, J.F.1 aZegers, D.A. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/evolution-reproduction-trees-its-effect-squirrel-ecology-and-behavior01014nas a2200157 4500008004100000245005500041210005500096300000900151490000700160520058200167100001300749700001900762700001900781700001600800856004000816 1994 eng d00aOdor as a factor in nut discovery by fox squirrels0 aOdor as a factor in nut discovery by fox squirrels a1 -30 v973 aWalnuts and bur oak acorns were buried in alternate positions in a 10-×-10 grid in a riparian forest with 10-m spacing between nuts. Bur oak acorns soaked in walnut extract and walnuts were buried in a second grid of similar spacing. Fox squirrels removed walnuts fastest and at the same rate in both grids, whereas acorns soaked in walnut extract were removed faster than unsoaked acorns but slower than walnuts. In the light of earlier studies, these observations are interpreted as showing that squirrels can smell buried walnuts from a greater distance than buried acorns.1 aLuft, J.1 aMalinowski, J.1 aBriggs, J., M.1 aSmith, C.C. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/362824602547nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145300001300214490000700227520195700234653002202191100001602213700001602229700001802245856012602263 1989 eng d00aTiming of reproduction in a prairie legume: seasonal impacts of insects consuming flowers and seeds0 aTiming of reproduction in a prairie legume seasonal impacts of i a220 -2300 v783 a

Seasonal patterns of insect damage to reproductive tissue of the legume Baptisia australis were studies for three years in native tallgrass prairie. Contrasting seasonal patters of damage were associated with the major species of insect consumers. The moth Grapholitha tristegana (Olethreutidae) and the weevil Tychius sordidus (Curculionidae), which together infested 80-100% of developing fruits (pods), consistently damaged more seeds on average in early than in late maturing pods. But while late opening flowers were less subject to attack from moths and weevils, they were more subject to attack from chewing insects, particularly blister beetles (Epicauta fabricii, Meloidae), which destroyed more than 80% of all flowers and developing young pods (including moth and weevil larval inhabitants). The blister beetle arrived late in the flowering season and fed particularly on young reproductive tissue, allowing larger, older pods that had developed from early opening flowers to escape destruction. The relative abundances and impacts of blister beetles, moths, and weevils varied from year to year. Adding to the uncertainty of reproductive success of the host plant were the large and variable amounts of damage to immature buds inflicted by insects (including the blister beetles and weevil adults) and late killing frosts. Thus, timing of flowering is critical to success in seed production for B. australis. The heavy impacts of insects and weather can result in a very narrow window in time (which shifts from year to year) during which B. australis can flower with any success. The opposing pressures exerted by insects and weather on floral reproductive success may act in concert with other features in the plant's biology to foster the maintenance of considerable diversity in flowering times among individuals in local populations of B. australis. Key words: flowering time, grassland, herbivory, phenology, seed predation

10atallgrass prairie1 aEvans, E.W.1 aSmith, C.C.1 aGendron, R.P. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/timing-reproduction-prairie-legume-seasonal-impacts-insects-consuming-flowers-and-seeds00910nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139300001300208490000700221520039300228100001600621700001600637856012300653 1987 eng d00aFox squirrel use of prairie habitats in relation to winter food supply and vegetation density0 aFox squirrel use of prairie habitats in relation to winter food  a115 -1200 v193 a

Our objective was to determine the distance from a forest into a prairie that fox squirrels, Sciurus niger, would go in search of black walnuts, Juglans nigra, that we buried in grids over forest-prairie transects. We found that both quantity of winter food and density of prairie vegetation affect the willingness of squirrels to enter dangerous prairie habitat to search for food

1 aKraus, K.E.1 aSmith, C.C. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/fox-squirrel-use-prairie-habitats-relation-winter-food-supply-and-vegetation-density01833nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007800041210006900119300001300188490000700201520128600208653001101494653000801505653001201513100002001525700001601545856010201561 1986 eng d00aHow fox squirrels influence the invasion of prairies by nut-bearing trees0 aHow fox squirrels influence the invasion of prairies by nutbeari a326 -3320 v673 a

The purpose of this study was to gain information on how squirrels respond to nuts buried on prairie-forest ecotones as a means of understanding how squirrels influence the invasions of prairies by nut-bearing trees. Of the three common species of nut-bearing riparian forest trees studies, seedlings of black walnut, Juglans nigra, the species whose nuts are most highly preferred by fox squirrels, Sciurus niger, tended to occur farthest from the forest edge onto the prairie. Squirrels removed walnuts buried in the woods in direct proportion to the density of nuts buried, rather than in proportion to the distance the nuts were located from a conspecific nut-bearing tree. In contrast, when walnuts were experimentally buried at extremely high densities in prairies next to woods during a good mast year, squirrels removed those nuts more quickly that were nearer the forest and did not remove nuts buried farther than 9 m from the edge of the canopy. Because walnut seedlings were observed at much greater distances from the forest edge, we speculate that squirrels may bury nuts on open prairies at considerable distances from forest cover in poor mast years, when the benefit of fewer nuts lost to other squirrels outweighs the added rick of predation in the prairie

10aanimal10afox10aprairie1 aStapanian, M.A.1 aSmith, C.C. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/how-fox-squirrels-influence-invasion-prairies-nut-bearing-trees