02654nas a2200457 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156300001100225490000800236520140500244100001901649700001601668700001601684700001801700700001801718700001801736700001701754700001201771700001401783700001301797700001601810700002001826700001601846700001501862700001701877700001501894700001801909700002601927700001701953700001901970700001901989700001602008700001702024700001502041700001702056700001602073700001602089700001802105700001602123856005702139 2021 eng d00aIncreasing effects of chronic nutrient enrichment on plant diversity loss and ecosystem productivity over time0 aIncreasing effects of chronic nutrient enrichment on plant diver ae032180 v1023 a
Human activities are enriching many of Earth’s ecosystems with biologically limiting mineral nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In grasslands, this enrichment generally reduces plant diversity and increases productivity. The widely demonstrated positive effect of diversity on productivity suggests a potential negative feedback, whereby nutrient‐induced declines in diversity reduce the initial gains in productivity arising from nutrient enrichment. In addition, plant productivity and diversity can be inhibited by accumulations of dead biomass, which may be altered by nutrient enrichment. Over longer timeframes, nutrient addition may increase soil fertility by increasing soil organic matter and nutrient pools. We examined the effects of 5‐11 years of nutrient addition at 47 grasslands in twelve countries. Nutrient enrichment increased aboveground live biomass and reduced plant diversity at nearly all sites, and these effects became stronger over time. We did not find evidence that nutrient‐induced losses of diversity reduced the positive effects of nutrients on biomass, however nutrient effects on live biomass increased more slowly at sites where litter was also increasing, regardless of plant diversity. This work suggests that short‐term experiments may underestimate the long‐term nutrient enrichment effects on global, grassland ecosystems.
1 aSeabloom, E.W.1 aAdler, P.B.1 aAlberti, J.1 aBiederman, L.1 aBuckley, Y.M.1 aCadotte, M.W.1 aCollins, S.L1 aDee, L.1 aFay, P.A.1 aFirn, J.1 aHagenah, N.1 aHarpole, W., S.1 aHautier, Y.1 aHector, A.1 aHobbie, S.E.1 aIsbell, F.1 aKnops, J.M.H.1 aKomatsu, Kimberly, J.1 aLaungani, R.1 aMacDougall, A.1 aMcCulley, R.L.1 aMoore, J.L.1 aMorgan, J.W.1 aOhlert, T.1 aProber, S.M.1 aRisch, A.C.1 aSchuetz, M.1 aStevens, C.J.1 aBorer, E.T. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.321801227nas a2200433 4500008004100000245012400041210006900165100001700234700001600251700001500267700001500282700001300297700001900310700001600329700001700345700001800362700001700380700001900397700001500416700001700431700001800448700001700466700001800483700001700501700001600518700001300534700001600547700001700563700001500580700001700595700001800612700002000630700001800650700001700668700001700685700001500702700001900717856005700736 2020 eng d00aSoDaH: the SOils DAta Harmonization database, an open-source synthesis of soil data from research networks, version 1.00 aSoDaH the SOils DAta Harmonization database an opensource synthe1 aWieder, W.R.1 aPierson, D.1 aEarl, S.R.1 aLajtha, K.1 aBaer, S.1 aBallantyne, F.1 aBerhe, A.A.1 aBillings, S.1 aBrigham, L.M.1 aChacon, S.S.1 aFraterrigo, J.1 aFrey, S.D.1 aGeorgiou, K.1 ade Graaff, M.1 aGrandy, A.S.1 aHartman, M.D.1 aHobbie, S.E.1 aJohnson, C.1 aKaye, J.1 aSnowman, E.1 aLitvak, M.E.1 aMack, M.C.1 aMalhotra, A.1 aMoore, J.A.M.1 aNadelhoffer, K.1 aRasmussen, C.1 aSilver, W.L.1 aSulman, B.N.1 aWalker, X.1 aS., Weintraub. uhttps://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2020-195/02039nas a2200193 4500008004100000245011200041210006900153300001200222490000700234520138600241653001101627653001801638653002201656653002601678653002101704100001601725700001701741856008701758 2016 eng d00aMechanisms driving the soil organic matter decomposition response to nitrogen enrichment in grassland soils0 aMechanisms driving the soil organic matter decomposition respons a54 - 650 v993 aEmpirical studies show that nitrogen (N) addition often reduces microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production via microbial respiration. Although predictions from theoretical models support these findings, the mechanisms that drive this response remain unclear. To address this uncertainty, we sampled soils of three grassland sites in the U.S. Central Great Plains that each have received seven years of continuous experimental nutrient addition in the field. Nitrogen addition significantly decreased the decomposition rate of slowly cycling SOM and the cumulative carbon (C) respired per mass soil C. We evaluated whether this effect of N addition on microbial respiration resulted from: 1) increased microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), 2) decreased microbial oxidative enzyme activity, or 3) decreased microbial biomass due to plant and/or soil mediated responses to N enrichment. In contrast to our hypotheses – as well as results from N addition studies in forest ecosystems and theoretical predictions – N did not increase microbial CUE or decrease microbial oxidative enzyme activity. Instead, reduced microbial biomass likely caused the decreased respiration in response to N enrichment. Identifying what factors drive this decreased microbial biomass response to N should be a priority for further inquiry.
10acarbon10aFertilization10aMicrobial biomass10aMicrobial respiration10aNutrient Network1 aRiggs, C.E.1 aHobbie, S.E. uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0038071716300608?via%3Dihub02851nas a2200385 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155300001800224490000800242520175500250653001802005653002502023653001802048653001702066653001502083100001502098700001602113700001702129700001802146700001602164700001502180700001802195700001702213700002002230700001802250700001902268700002802287700001402315700001902329700002002348700001802368700001802386700001502404856004602419 2015 eng d00aConsistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated nutrient inputs in grasslands across the globe0 aConsistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated n a10967 - 109720 v1123 aSoil microorganisms are critical to ecosystem functioning and the maintenance of soil fertility. However, despite global increases in the inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to ecosystems due to human activities, we lack a predictive understanding of how microbial communities respond to elevated nutrient inputs across environmental gradients. Here we used high-throughput sequencing of marker genes to elucidate the responses of soil fungal, archaeal, and bacterial communities using an N and P addition experiment replicated at 25 globally distributed grassland sites. We also sequenced metagenomes from a subset of the sites to determine how the functional attributes of bacterial communities change in response to elevated nutrients. Despite strong compositional differences across sites, microbial communities shifted in a consistent manner with N or P additions, and the magnitude of these shifts was related to the magnitude of plant community responses to nutrient inputs. Mycorrhizal fungi and methanogenic archaea decreased in relative abundance with nutrient additions, as did the relative abundances of oligotrophic bacterial taxa. The metagenomic data provided additional evidence for this shift in bacterial life history strategies because nutrient additions decreased the average genome sizes of the bacterial community members and elicited changes in the relative abundances of representative functional genes. Our results suggest that elevated N and P inputs lead to predictable shifts in the taxonomic and functional traits of soil microbial communities, including increases in the relative abundances of faster-growing, copiotrophic bacterial taxa, with these shifts likely to impact belowground ecosystems worldwide.
10aFertilization10ashotgun metagenomics10aSoil bacteria10aSoil ecology10aSoil fungi1 aLeff, J.W.1 aJones, S.E.1 aProber, S.M.1 aBarberán, A.1 aBorer, E.T.1 aFirn, J.L.1 aHarpole, W.S.1 aHobbie, S.E.1 aHofmockel, K.S.1 aKnops, J.M.H.1 aMcCulley, R.L.1 aLa Pierre, Kimberly, J.1 aRisch, A.1 aSeabloom, E.W.1 aSchütz, Martin1 aSteenbock, C.1 aStevens, C.J.1 aFierer, N. uhttps://www.pnas.org/content/112/35/1096701977nas a2200265 4500008004100000245015800041210006900199300001500268490000700283520111400290100002001404700002001424700001601444700001501460700001701475700001801492700001901510700001801529700001601547700001701563700001901580700001901599700001601618856007701634 2012 eng d00aThe effect of experimental warming and precipitation change on proteolytic enzyme activity: positive feedbacks to nitrogen availability are not universal0 aeffect of experimental warming and precipitation change on prote a2617 -26250 v183 aNitrogen regulates the Earth's climate system by constraining the terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO2. Proteolytic enzymes are a principal driver of the within-system cycle of soil nitrogen, yet there is little to no understanding of their response to climate change. Here, we use a single methodology to investigate potential proteolytic enzyme activity in soils from 16 global change experiments. We show that regardless of geographical location or experimental manipulation (i.e., temperature, precipitation, or both), all sites plotted along a single line relating the response ratio of potential proteolytic activity to soil moisture deficit, the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration. In particular, warming and reductions in precipitation stimulated potential proteolytic activity in mesic sites – temperate and boreal forests, arctic tundra – whereas these manipulations suppressed potential activity in dry grasslands. This study provides a foundation for a simple representation of the impacts of climate change on a central component of the nitrogen cycle.
1 aBrozostek, E.R.1 aBlair, John, M.1 aDukes, J.S.1 aFrey, S.D.1 aHobbie, S.E.1 aMelillo, J.M.1 aMitchell, R.J.1 aPendall, E.S.1 aReich, P.B.1 aShaver, G.R.1 aStefanskii, A.1 aTjoelker, M.G.1 aFinzi, A.C. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02685.x02050nas a2200313 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122300001300191490000700204520112700211653001901338653001801357653002301375653001701398653002801415100002001443700001601463700001701479700002401496700001601520700001901536700001701555700002801572700001801600700001901618700001701637700001801654856006401672 2012 eng d00aPast, present, and future roles of long-term experiments in the LTER Network0 aPast present and future roles of longterm experiments in the LTE a377 -3890 v623 aThe US National Science Foundation–funded Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network supports a large (around 240) and diverse portfolio of long-term ecological experiments. Collectively, these long-term experiments have (a) provided unique insights into ecological patterns and processes, although such insight often became apparent only after many years of study; (b) influenced management and policy decisions; and (c) evolved into research platforms supporting studies and involving investigators who were not part of the original design. Furthermore, this suite of long-term experiments addresses, at the site level, all of the US National Research Council's Grand Challenges in Environmental Sciences. Despite these contributions, we argue that the scale and scope of global environmental change requires a more-coordinated multisite approach to long-term experiments. Ideally, such an approach would include a network of spatially extensive multifactor experiments, designed in collaboration with ecological modelers that would build on and extend the unique context provided by the LTER Network.
10aClimate change10aglobal change10along-term research10aLTER Network10amultifactor experiments1 aKnapp, Alan, K.1 aSmith, M.D.1 aHobbie, S.E.1 aCollins, Scott., L.1 aFahey, T.J.1 aHansen, G.J.A.1 aLandis, D.A.1 aLa Pierre, Kimberly, J.1 aMelillo, J.M.1 aSeastedt, T.R.1 aShaver, G.R.1 aWebster, J.R. uhttps://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/62/4/377/243762