02772nas a2200277 4500008004100000245011700041210006900158300001100227490000800238520193700246653002802183653001402211653001602225653002002241653002402261653001402285653002802299653001102327100001602338700001702354700001802371700001802389700002102407700002102428856004502449 2010 eng d00aExposure of nonbreeding migratory shorebirds to cholinesterase inhibiting contaminants in the Western Hemisphere0 aExposure of nonbreeding migratory shorebirds to cholinesterase i a15 -280 v1123 a
Migratory shorebirds frequently forage and roost in agricultural habitats, where they may be exposed to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate compounds, common anti-cholinesterases, can cause sublethal effects, even death. To evaluate exposure of migratory shorebirds to organophosphorus and carbamates, we sampled birds stopping over during migration in North America and wintering in South America. We compared plasma Cholinesterase activities and body masses of individuals captured at sites with no known sources of organophosphorus or carbamates to those captured in agricultural areas where agrochemicals were recommended for control of crop pests. In South America, plasma acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in Buff-breasted Sandpipers was lower at agricultural sites than at reference sites, indicating exposure to organophosphorus and carbamates. Results of plasma Cholinesterase reactivation assays and foot-wash analyses were inconclusive. A meta-analysis of six species revealed no widespread effect of agricultural chemicals on Cholinesterase activity. However, four of six species were negative for acetylcholinesterase and one of six for butyrylcholinesterase, indicating negative effects of pesticides on Cholinesterase activity in a subset of shorebirds. Exposure to Cholinesterase inhibitors can decrease body mass, but comparisons between treatments and hemispheres suggest that agrochemicals did not affect migratory shorebirds' body mass. Our study, one of the first to estimate of shorebirds' exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides, suggests that shorebirds are being exposed to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides at specific sites in the winter range but not at migratory stopover sites. Future research should examine potential behavioral effects of exposure and identify other potential sites and levels of exposure.
10aBuff-breasted Sandpiper10acarbamate10anonbreeding10aorganophosphate10apopulation declines10asandpiper10aTryngites subruficollis10awaders1 aStrum, K.M.1 aHooper, M.J.1 aJohnson, K.A.1 aLanctot, R.B.1 aZaccagnini, M.E.1 aSandercock, B.K. uhttps://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.09002602610nas a2200277 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147300001300216490001500229520168500244100001601929700001501945700001401960700001701974700001801991700001802009700002102027700001502048700001502063700001602078700001602094700002102110700002302131700002102154856015702175 2008 eng d00aPlasma cholinesterases for monitoring pesticide exposure in Nearctic-Neotropical migratory shorebirds0 aPlasma cholinesterases for monitoring pesticide exposure in Near a641 -6510 v19 (Suppl)3 aOrganophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides are commonly used agrochemicals throughout the Western Hemisphere. These pesticides have caused mortalities in migratory birds and adverse physiological effects in trials with captive birds. Migratory shorebirds use a variety, of habitats during the austral summer in temperate South America and during migration through the Great Plains of the United States. Habitats where risk of exposure is high include rice fields and turf grass farms where agrochemicals are used. Cholinesterase (ChE) is a specific biomarker for monitoring OP and CB exposure and can be measured using standard laboratory procedures. Plasma ChE activity is useful as a non-lethal means of monitoring avian exposure to OP and CB pesticides. Many variables can affect enzyme activity and reactivation assays are not always possible, thus reference ChE values are a necessary component of monitoring exposure. During northbound migration in 2006, we sampled four upland and five wetland shore-bird species at four pesticide-free sites in North America, characterizing and measuring plasma ChEs in all shorebird species. Small-bodied species had higher levels of ChE activity in plasma than large-bodied species. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme whose inhibition leads to poisoning symptoms, showed less inter-specific variation than butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Plasma ChE activities varied with date of capture in three of five species. Sex differences were significant in one of two species tested. Our baseline ChE values for migratory shorebirds provide a framework for future ecotoxicological studies of Nearctic-Neotropical migrant shorebirds.1 aStrum, K.M.1 aAlfaro, M.1 aHaase, B.1 aHooper, M.J.1 aJohnson, K.A.1 aLanctot, R.B.1 aLesterhuis, A.J.1 aLópez, L.1 aMatz, A.C.1 aMorales, C.1 aPaulson, B.1 aSandercock, B.K.1 aTorres-Dowdall, J.1 aZaccagnini, M.E. uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/254414753_Plasma_cholinesterases_for_monitoring_pesticide_exposure_in_Nearctic-Neotropical_migratory_shorebirds