02222nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011800041210006900159300001500228490000700243520167900250100001501929700001701944700001901961856009601980       1998                        eng d00aBiotic interactions between grazers and plants: Relationships contributing to atmospheric boundary layer dynamics0 aBiotic interactions between grazers and plants Relationships con  a1247 -12590 v553 aDuring 1987 and 1988 First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE) studies conducted in the tallgrass prairie of central Kansas, variations in ungulate grazing intensity produced a patchy spatial and temporal distribution of remaining vegetation. Equally variable plant regrowth patterns contributed further to a broad array of total primary production that resulted in a pronounced mosaic of grazing impacts. This regrowth potential, derived from a relative growth rate (RGR) equation comparing ungrazed and grazed plants, determines much of the ecosystem dynamics within and among the grazed pastures and between years. Rates of change in new plant growth (DRGRg) ranged from 2100% to 140%; however, 78% of the time in 1987 and 71% in 1988, productivity increased as a function of grazing intensity. Since plant growth potential in ungrazed (RGRug) and grazed systems (RGRg) have inherently different attributes, interactions with the abiotic environment may develop many uncertainties. Thus, changes in growth rates in grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas (DRGRg) may impose major controls over system productivity and associated biological processes currently not accounted for in ecosystem models.
 Because FIFE microsite atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) studies did not directly incorporate grazing intensity into their design, Type I and Type II statistical errors may introduce significant uncertainties for understanding cause and effect in surface flux dynamics. As a consequence these uncertainties compromise the ability to extrapolate microsite ABL biophysical findings to other spatial and temporal scales.1 aDyer, M.I.1 aTurner, C.L.1 aSeastedt, T.R.  uhttp://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055%3C1247%3ABIBGAP%3E2.0.CO%3B201113nas a2200145   4500008004100000245003500041210003500076300001100111490000600122520071900128100001500847700001700862700001900879856006900898       1993                        eng d00aHerbivory and its consequences0 aHerbivory and its consequences  a10 -160 v33 aWe argue that herbivores often induce nonlinear or biphasic growth and development in plants. Collectively these individual responses translate into a system—level optimization curve wherein at low levels of herbivory overall community responses show increases in production potential, whereas extreme herbivory causes extreme reduction in productivity. The transition between these two states defines a point of optimal herbivory in respect to C and N processes.We present four case examples from the literature demonstrating such nonlinear responses, suggesting a widespread existence for this herbivore—plant phenomenon. The nonlinear responses appear to demonstrate temporal and spatial scale dependencies.1 aDyer, M.I.1 aTurner, C.L.1 aSeastedt, T.R.  uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/herbivory-and-its-consequences02258nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011100041210006900152300001300221490000600234520169600240100001701936700001901953700001501972856012501987       1993                        eng d00aMaximization of aboveground grassland production: the role of defoliation frequency, intensity and history0 aMaximization of aboveground grassland production the role of def  a175 -1860 v33 aProduction of tallgrass prairie vegetation was measured on experimental plots in which defoliation intensity and frequency were manipulated by mowing and using movable exclosures on areas chronically grazed by cattle. Defoliation history largely controlled whether or not defoliated plants overcompensated (exhibited enhanced production compared to undefoliated controls) for tissue removal. Plants on chronically grazed sites only compensated for foliage removed by grazers. Production on plots mowed prior to the year of measurement was similar to that on chronically grazed sites, while previously unmowed plots exhibited substantial aboveground overcompensation. Aboveground production was maximized by the most frequent mowing treatment and by intermediate mowing heights. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and amounts in aboveground tissues were increased by mowing and grazing. Current mowing regime was more important than mowing history in determining nitrogen concentrations except very early in the growing season. Effects of grazing and mowing on belowground biomass were inconsistent, but frequent mowing appeared to limit accumulation of belowground N reserves and biomass. In North American grasslands, overcompensation is a nonequilibrium plant response to grazing. Photosynthate that would be stored as reserves and used for root growth and flower and seed production instead is used to replace lost leaf area, thereby resulting in higher foliage productivity. However, under chronic grazing or mowing, vegetation is prevented from maintaining high nutrient and water uptake capacity (large root biomass) and accumulating reserves that allow overcompensation responses.1 aTurner, C.L.1 aSeastedt, T.R.1 aDyer, M.I.  uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/maximization-aboveground-grassland-production-role-defoliation-frequency-intensity-and00617nas a2200169   4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001700202490000700219653002200226100001700248700001900265700001500284700001900299700001800318856011100336       1992                        eng d00aEffects of management and topography on the radiometric response of a tallgrass prairie0 aEffects of management and topography on the radiometric response  a18855 -186660 v9710atallgrass prairie1 aTurner, C.L.1 aSeastedt, T.R.1 aDyer, M.I.1 aKittel, T.G.F.1 aSchimel, D.S.  uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/effects-management-and-topography-radiometric-response-tallgrass-prairie00556nas a2200133   4500008004100000245011600041210006900157300001300226490000600239100001500245700001700260700001900277856012600296       1991                        eng d00aInfluence of mowing and fertilization on biomass, productivity and spectral reflectance in Bromus inermis plots0 aInfluence of mowing and fertilization on biomass productivity an  a443 -4520 v11 aDyer, M.I.1 aTurner, C.L.1 aSeastedt, T.R.  uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/influence-mowing-and-fertilization-biomass-productivity-and-spectral-reflectance-bromus01268nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300001300215490000700228520071200235100001500947700001700962700001900979856012400998       1991                        eng d00aRemote sensing measurements of production processes in grazing lands: the need for new methodologies0 aRemote sensing measurements of production processes in grazing l  a495 -5050 v343 a<p>Remote sensing of grazinglands to obtain estimates of productivity relies entirely upon absorption and reflectance properties of the vegetation and its background to provide accurate qualitative and quantitative values. Interpretations of these signals are highly dependent on vegetation responses to perturbations, such as grazing or alterations in nutrient cycles. If remote sensing models of grassland growth ignore feedbacks derived from grazing animals, or only negative feedbacks are assumed, there is a likelihood of errors developing during model validation. We review fundamental assumptions made when using remote sensing data from grazing systems and give examples of the problems involved</p>1 aDyer, M.I.1 aTurner, C.L.1 aSeastedt, T.R.  uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/remote-sensing-measurements-production-processes-grazing-lands-need-new-methodologies02270nas a2200205   4500008004100000245008400041210006900125260004600194300001300240520156600253653001201819100001801831700001801849700001701867700001501884700001901899700001601918700002101934856010901955       1989                        eng d00aEffects of manipulation on foliage characteristics of Andropgon gerardii Vitman0 aEffects of manipulation on foliage characteristics of Andropgon   aLincoln, NEbUniversity of Nebraska Press  a143 -1463 a<p>The effects of burning, mowing, and nitrogen fertilizer on the chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of big bluestem were measured using a factorial experimental design at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area. While spring burning usually increased foliage production, burning had no effect on mid-season chlorophyll or nitrogen concentrations. Chlorophyll concentrations were significantly increased by fertilizer and mowing treatments. Nitrogen concentrations of foliage were higher on fertilized and mowed plots. Mowing also increased phosphorous concentrations of foliage, but nitrogen fertilizer significantly reduced phosphorus concentrations. These results support other research indicating that 1) nitrogen use efficiency (grams biomass produced per gram of foliage nitrogen) is higher on burned prairie, 2) removal of foliage by mowing results in more nutrient-rich regrowth, and 3) the amount of phosphorus available to big bluestem foliage is limited. The dilution of phosphorus caused by added nitrogen was a consequence of increased productivity on these plots and suggessts phosphorus uptake in excess of requirements for maximum growth. The relationships between burning, mowing, and nitrogen on the spectral reflectance patterns of vegetation indicated that chlorophyll (or nitrogen) concentrations of foliage appeared to more strongly affect indices of greenness and plant vigor than did the amount of plant biomass. Key words: biomass, burning, mowing, big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii, chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, Kansas</p>10aburning1 aRamundo, R.A.1 aShapley, T.D.1 aTurner, C.L.1 aDyer, M.I.1 aSeastedt, T.R.1 aBragg, T.B.1 aStubbendieck, J.  uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/effects-manipulation-foliage-characteristics-andropgon-gerardii-vitman