02083nas a2200337 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121300001300190490000600203520111900209100002401328700002001352700001801372700002001390700001901410700001801429700001601447700001601463700001701479700001501496700002001511700001801531700001901549700001901568700001701587700001601604700002001620700001601640700001801656856007101674 2011 eng d00aAn integrated conceptual framework for long-term social-ecological research0 aintegrated conceptual framework for longterm socialecological re a351 -3570 v93 a
The global reach of human activities affects all natural ecosystems, so that the environment is best viewed as a social–ecological system. Consequently, a more integrative approach to environmental science, one that bridges the biophysical and social domains, is sorely needed. Although models and frameworks for social–ecological systems exist, few are explicitly designed to guide a long-term interdisciplinary research program. Here, we present an iterative framework, “Press–Pulse Dynamics” (PPD), that integrates the biophysical and social sciences through an understanding of how human behaviors affect “press” and “pulse” dynamics and ecosystem processes. Such dynamics and processes, in turn, influence ecosystem services –thereby altering human behaviors and initiating feedbacks that impact the original dynamics and processes. We believe that research guided by the PPD framework will lead to a more thorough understanding of social–ecological systems and generate the knowledge needed to address pervasive environmental problems.
1 aCollins, Scott., L.1 aCarpenter, S.R.1 aSwinton, S.M.1 aOrenstein, D.E.1 aChilders, D.L.1 aGragson, T.L.1 aGrimm, N.B.1 aGrove, J.M.1 aHarlan, S.L.1 aKaye, J.P.1 aKnapp, Alan, K.1 aKofinas, G.P.1 aMagnuson, J.J.1 aMcDowell, W.H.1 aMelack, J.M.1 aOgden, L.A.1 aRobertson, G.R.1 aSmith, M.D.1 aWhitmer, A.C. uhttps://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/10006800934nas a2200157 4500008004100000245009900041210006900140260003200209300001100241520032100252100002000573700001900593700001900612700001500631856013000646 2007 eng d00aEstimating aboveground net primary production in grassland and herbaceous dominated ecosystems0 aEstimating aboveground net primary production in grassland and h bOxford University Press, NY a27 -483 aThis paper reviews past and currently accepted methods of estimating aboveground net primary production (NPP) in grass and herb-dominated ecosystems, provides some guiding principles and recommendations to facilitate accurate determination of aboveground NPP, and discusses biases and errors and sampling adequacy. 1 aKnapp, Alan, K.1 aBriggs, J., M.1 aChilders, D.L.1 aSala, O.E. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/estimating-aboveground-net-primary-production-grassland-and-herbaceous-dominated-ecosystems