03015nas a2200229 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111300000800180490000600188520230300194653002502497653002502522653002202547653002802569653001302597653001402610653002402624100002002648700002102668700002602689856007002715 2019 eng d00aMigration patterns of upland sandpipers in the western hemisphere0 aMigration patterns of upland sandpipers in the western hemispher a4260 v73 a

Integrated models of the ecology of migratory species require tracking of individual migratory organisms throughout the annual cycle. Here, we report the first information on the movement patterns of nine Upland Sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda) that were captured at breeding sites in Kansas and Massachusetts, and tracked with GPS and PTT tags to non-breeding sites in South America. Upland Sandpipers were extreme migrants that regularly made non-stop flights that were >5,000 km in length and lasted up to 7 days. Sandpipers traveled up to 20,000 km per year in their annual movements. Our project resulted in a series of new discoveries. Sandpipers regularly crossed major ecological barriers during migration, which included long oceanic flights, high elevation mountains, and tropical forests. Migrating birds used known stopover sites in the central flyway of North America and eastern slope of the Andes in South America, and a subset of birds wintered in core non-breeding sites in the Pampas ecoregion of Uruguay and Argentina. We documented new staging sites at canefields in the mountain valleys of Colombia, grasslands in the Llanos of Venezuela, and at airports along the Atlantic Coast of the US. Unexpectedly, some sandpipers spent the non-breeding season on river islands in the Amazon basin, and pastures in the Cerrado ecoregion of Brazil; areas not previously known to host overwintering Upland Sandpipers. Like many other migratory birds in the Western Hemisphere, Upland Sandpipers had elliptical migration routes within the Southern Hemisphere, moved among separate activity areas during the non-breeding season, migrated faster during northbound than southbound migration, and spent more time at non-breeding than breeding sites. Collectively, the birds used sites across much of northern South America as a broad front migrant. Overall, the migratory patterns of Upland Sandpipers were more similar to migratory landbirds than to shorebirds that typically stage at wetlands and coastal estuaries. Upland Sandpipers should be buffered against habitat loss and degradation at local sites within their migratory range, but it may be difficult to protect specific sites or broad landscapes that would be needed to conserve a high percentage of the global population.

10aBartramia longicauda10aelliptical migration10afull annual cycle10along-distance migration10aseasonal10aSpace use10atransoceanic flight1 aHill, Jason, M.1 aSandercock, B.K.1 aRenfrew, Rosalind, B. uhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00426/full02804nas a2200325 4500008004100000245013300041210006900174300001300243490000700256520180000263653002502063653000902088653001402097653002202111653001502133653002802148653001802176653002002194653003502214653002202249100002102271700002302292700001602315700001802331700001502349700001502364700001602379700001702395856006602412 2015 eng d00aEffects of grazing and prescribed fire on resource selection and nest survival of upland sandpipers in an experimental landscape0 aEffects of grazing and prescribed fire on resource selection and a325 -3370 v303 a

Context Conservation of grassland vertebrates requires a mechanistic understanding of the effects of landscape heterogeneity on habitat selection and demographic performance. Objectives Our goal was to investigate the effects of rangeland management on resource selection and nest survival of upland sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda). Methods We conducted our project at Konza Prairie, a Long-Term Ecological Research site. The station has 60 experimental units with replicated grazing and fire treatments that create a heterogeneous landscape of different habitat patches. We radio-tracked sandpipers for two breeding seasons (2003–2004, n = 37 birds) and monitored sandpiper nests for eight seasons (2001–2008, n = 246 nests). We used resource utilization functions to examine resource selection with respect to five landscape features. Results Home ranges of sandpipers were large in contiguous prairie (x¯=8.4km2x¯=8.4km2) and explain area-sensitive occurrence in fragmented prairie. Upland sandpipers selected grazed and burned sites with short vegetation within their home range. In contrast, nest site selection was influenced by fire frequency and birds selected infrequently burned sites with greater vegetative structure. Settlement decisions affected fitness because nest survival was low in burned and grazed sites (0.068), but higher in unburned and ungrazed sites (0.201–0.247). Conclusions Our results raise concerns for conservation because private rangelands managed for livestock production are often homogeneous landscapes with heavy grazing and frequent fires. Rotational grazing and fire could be used to restore heterogeneity to grasslands but the duration of rotation, patch size, and optimal configuration require further investigation.

10aBartramia longicauda10afire10agrassland10aHabitat selection10aHome range10aLandscape heterogeneity10aNest survival10aRadio-telemetry10aResource utilization functions10atallgrass prairie1 aSandercock, B.K.1 aAlfaro-Barrios, M.1 aCasey, A.E.1 aJohnson, T.N.1 aMong, T.W.1 aOdom, K.J.1 aStrum, K.M.1 aWinder, V.L. uhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10980-014-0133-902324nas a2200241 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138300001300207490000800220520159300228653002501821653001401846653002501860653002201885653001901907653002101926653001501947653002101962100001601983700002101999700001702020856004502037 2011 eng d00aGenetic parentage and local population structure in the socially monogamous Upland Sandpiper0 aGenetic parentage and local population structure in the socially a119 -1280 v1133 a

For a single lineage of birds, the diversity of mating systems and parental care among shorebirds (Charadrii) is high, which has made them an important group for investigations of the evolution of social mating systems. From 2003 to 2007, we studied a population of the Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) at Konza Prairie Biological Station in northeastern Kansas. Our objectives were to determine the genetic mating system of this socially monogamous shorebird and to determine whether spatial patterns of philopatry and nest placement might affect opportunities for extra-pair mating. We used six microsatellite markers to estimate rates of extra-pair paternity in 58 family groups (107 parents, 184 offspring). We found that 30% of broods contained extra-pair offspring, representing 15% of chicks, the highest rate of extra-pair paternity ever reported in a socially monogamous shorebird. High rates of extra-pair paternity were not due to the degree of relatedness between partners in mated pairs, and they did not result in greater diversity among broods with extra-pair young. We used a spatial genetic-autocorrelation analysis and found evidence for relatedness among females nesting <1 km apart. The Upland Sandpiper might have a high rate of extra-pair paternity because related females nest synchronously and in close proximity, but the probability of extra-pair young was not related to nest density or distance to nearest nest. Female-biased natal philopatry is unusual among birds but is consistent with the mate-defense mating system of the Upland Sandpiper.

10aBartramia longicauda10adispersal10aExtra-pair paternity10agenetic structure10amating systems10anatal philopatry10ashorebirds10aUpland Sandpiper1 aCasey, A.E.1 aSandercock, B.K.1 aWisely, S.M. uhttps://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.10010002412nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138300001100207490000600218520170800224653001601932653002501948653001001973653002101983653001002004653002102014100001602035700001602051700002102067700001702088856007702105 2009 eng d00aHeteroduplex molecules cause sexing errors in a standard molecular protocol for avian sexing0 aHeteroduplex molecules cause sexing errors in a standard molecul a61 -650 v93 a

Molecular methods are a necessary tool for sexing monomorphic birds. These molecular approaches are usually reliable, but sexing protocols should be evaluated carefully because biochemical interactions may lead to errors. We optimized laboratory protocols for genetic sexing of a monomorphic shorebird, the upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), using two independent sets of primers, P2/P8 and 2550F/2718R, to amplify regions of the sex-linked CHD-Z and CHD-W genes. We discovered polymorphisms in the region of the CHD-Z intron amplified by the primers P2/P8 which caused four males to be misidentified as females (n = 90 mated pairs). We cloned and sequenced one CHD-W allele (370 bp) and three CHD-Z alleles in our population: Z° (335 bp), Z′ (331 bp) and Z″ (330 bp). Normal (Z°Z°) males showed one band in agarose gel analysis and were easily differentiated from females (Z°W), which showed two bands. However, males heterozygous for CHD-Z alleles (Z′Z″) unexpectedly showed two bands in a pattern similar to females. While the Z′ and Z″ fragments contained only short deletions, they annealed together during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process and formed heteroduplex molecules that were similar in size to the W fragment. Errors previously reported for molecular sex-assignment have usually been due to allelic dropout, causing females to be misidentified as males. Here, we report evidence that events in PCRs can lead to the opposite error, with males misidentified as females. We recommend use of multiple primer sets and large samples of known-sex birds for validation when designing protocols for molecular sex analysis.

10a2550F/2718R10aBartramia longicauda10aCHD-Z10amolecular sexing10aP2/P810aUpland Sandpiper1 aCasey, A.E.1 aJones, K.L.1 aSandercock, B.K.1 aWisely, S.M. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02307.x02797nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138300001300207490000700220520205500227653002502282653000902307653001202316653001102328653002102339653001402360653001302374653002102387100001502408700002102423856012302444 2007 eng d00aOptimizing radio retention andminimizing radio impacts in a field study of Upland Sandpipers0 aOptimizing radio retention andminimizing radio impacts in a fiel a971 -9800 v713 aTwo challenges in wildlife telemetry are optimizing the duration of transmitter attachment and minimizing the impacts of radios on the behavior and demography of the study animal. We tested 4 methods of radio attachment for a breeding population of upland sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda) under natural conditions at a tallgrass prairie site in Kansas, USA. To estimate radio retention and weekly survival rates, we used the nest survival model of Program MARK. Radio retention was lowest at the start and the end of the breeding period. The expected duration of radio retention was 1.8 years for a leg-loop harness, 40 days for radios glued to clipped feathers, 26 days for radios glued directly to feathers, and 7 days for radios glued to bare skin. Few radiomarked birds died during our study, but 4 of 8 mortality events were discovered within one week of radiomarking. Both glue and harnesses increased predation risk immediately after radio attachment. The weekly probability of survival was high after a 1-week acclimation period, and the expected survival for a 10-week breeding period was similar in males and females. Attachment of radios with glue had no effect on annual return rates. However, attachment of radios with leg harnesses resulted in lower return rates among radiomarked birds than birds without radios. Radios attached with glue were shed in <1 year but radios attached with harnesses were retained for up to 1–2 years. Our results indicate a tradeoff between optimizing radio retention and minimizing impacts on demography. Glue techniques had retention rates that were suitable for only short-term studies, but attachment with glue had no long-term effect on annual return rates. Leg harnesses provided effective radio retention that had little effect on survival rates during the stationary breeding period, but resulted in lower annual return rates. Robust estimates of radio retention and survival will assist researchers in selecting attachment techniques that best meet the study goals of future telemetry projects.10aBartramia longicauda10aglue10aharness10akansas10aradio attachment10ashorebird10asurvival10aUpland Sandpiper1 aMong, T.W.1 aSandercock, B.K. uhttp://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/optimizing-radio-retention-andminimizing-radio-impacts-field-study-upland-sandpipers