Dr. Jesse NippertDr. Rory O'Connor 2017-08-02 FWE01 Effects of browsing and fire on woody encroachment at Konza Prairie tabular digitial data Konza Prairie LTER Konza LTER 10.6073/pasta/ab620639204db68df25eac1914583de5 http://lter.konza.ksu.edu/content/fwe01-effects-browsing-and-fire-woody-encroachment-konza-prairie Woody encroachment into grasslands, savannas, and steppes have become a management and conservation concern worldwide because of the ability of woody plants to change ecosystems through decreases in biodiversity, alterations in water and nutrient cycles as well as decreases in forage production and quality. In grasslands, woody encroachment can be categorized into two groups: non-resprouting species that can be killed with fire and resprouting species that cannot be killed with fire. Resprouting species require additional active management strategies to remove them from encroached grasslands. In this study we investigate physiological, population and community effects of continuous browsing and fire on Cornus drummondii, a resprouting woody species. Through monitoring the shrub’s physiology, population and the surrounding plant community composition within these treatments we hope to understand how to best prescribe restoration methods for restoring the tallgrass prairie. 2015-05-04 2018-10-30 ground condition complete As needed 4B: Ungrazed and scheduled prescribed burned every 4 years in the spring -96.5924 -96.6035 39.0802 39.0712 20C: Ungrazed and scheduled prescribed burned every 20 years in the spring. -96.5588 -96.5655 39.0739 39.0659 Core Areas Disturbance Populations [term:vocabulary] None <cntperp> <cntper>Jeffrey Taylor</cntper> </cntperp> <cntaddr> <addrtype>Physical Address</addrtype> <address>116 Ackert Hall, Division of Biology, Kansas State University</address> <city>Manhattan</city> <state>KS</state> <postal>66506</postal> <country>US</country> </cntaddr> <cntvoice>785-532-7762</cntvoice> <cntvoice>785-532-6615</cntvoice> <cntemail>jht@ksu.edu</cntemail> <cntperp> <cntper>Konza LTER</cntper> </cntperp> <cntaddr> <addrtype>Physical Address</addrtype> <address>Division of Biology</address> <city>Manhattan</city> <state>KS</state> <postal>66506</postal> <country>US</country> </cntaddr> <cntvoice>785-532-6729</cntvoice> <cntemail>knzlter@ksu.edu</cntemail> Not Applicable Not Applicable Field and/or Lab Methods Experimental Methods: This experiment is located in watersheds 4B and 20C at KPBS. Both watersheds were chosen for their burn frequencies and abundant Cornus drummondii. Starting in May 2015, 20 discrete shrub islands were chosen in the lowlands that spanned the length of each watershed. In each watershed, 10 shrub islands were randomly assigned the browsing treatment and the remaining shrub islands act as an unmanipulated control to the browsing treatment. Our browsing treatment is a simulated browsing treatment, where 50% of new aboveground meristematic growth is removed using clippers or hands. Browsing occurs once a month during the growing season (May - September), all biomass removed is moved away from the shrub islands. In watershed 4B a prescribed fire occurred in April 2017. Data Collection Methods: Species Composition: This protocol is the same that is used in the PVC02 long-term data set but adapted for our study. In the center of each selected shrub island in watersheds 4B and 20C a surveyor's pin with a 1.78 m long chain is used to get canopy cover of all vascular plants within a 10 m2 circular area. Canopy cover is estimated using a modified Daubenmire cover scale (Bailey and Poulton, 1968. Ecology 49:1 - 13), the cover categories are the same as described in PVC02. Shrub Area: The area was calculated by taking two diameter measurements perpendicular to each other at the center of the shrub islands and then put into an ellipsoidal area equation. Stem/Ramet Density: Every stem/ramet was counted within the shrub island area before the browsing treatment started and then at the end of the growing season in October. Additionally, stems/ramets were counted a month after the prescribed fire occurred in 4B. Gas Exchange: During the growing season (May - September) gas exchange measurements were taken once a month around solar noon at each shrub island using a LICOR - 6400. Within each shrub island 2 measurements were recorded, the first at the edge of the shrub island and the second at the center of the shrub island. All measurements were taken on new fully expanded leaves. Leaf Area Index (LAI): During the growing season (May - September) LAI measurements were taken once a month around solar noon at each shrub island using a LICOR-2000. Within each shrub island 2 measurements were recorded, the first at the edge of the shrub island and the second at the center of the shrub island. Additionally, 10 measurements in each watershed were taken in the space between shrub islands as a grassland control for LAI. 13C Leaf Stable Isotope: Once a month during the growing season several new fully expanded leaves were clipped from each shrub island in each watershed. These leaves were then dried for 48 hours at 60oC and then powdered using a Wig-L-Bugrgrinder. Once ground the leaf material was processed using an elemental analyzer in sequence with an isotope-ratio mass-spectrometer. See Nippert et al. 2013 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081630) for an identical protocol.  Diurnal Leaf Temperature: Leaf temperatures were taken every 6 hours during a 24 hour period (6AM, 12PM, 6PM, 12AM) in all of the shrub islands. These measurements were made at least once per month during the growing season (May - September) using an infrared radiometer (Apogee MI-220). Measurements were taken at 3 locations in each shrub island: southern side, center and northern side. At each location 2 measurements were made if possible, first in the upper canopy and the second in the understory. All measurements were made on fully expanded leaves. Diurnal Soil Moisture: Soil moisture is taken every 6 hours during a 24-hour period (6AM, 12PM, 6PM, 12AM) in all of the shrub islands and at 10 locations between each shrub island in each watershed. Measurements were taken at 3 locations within each shrub island: southern side, center and northern side. All measurements were made at least once a month during the growing season (May - September) using a handheld Stevens Hydraprobe soil moisture sensor. Root Non-Structural Carbohydrates: Several grams of root tissue were harvested at each shrub island each year prior to the shrubs leafing out and after leaf senescence. All root tissues were cleaned in DI water to remove all dirt impurities and then dried for 72 hours at 60oC before being ground up using a Wig-L-Bug® grinder. Then all of the samples had the non-structural carbohydrates extracted and were analyzed colormetrically using a spectrophotometer (Hendrix, 1993.Crops Science 6:1306-1311).    Fire Temperature: In watershed 4B prior to the prescribed fire 100 ceramic tiles with welder's temperature paint was placed in shrub islands and in the space between the shrubs. Each shrub island had 5 ceramic tiles placed in each cardinal direction (North, East, South, West) as well as 1 ceramic tile in the center of the shrub island. The remaining 20 tiles were placed randomly in the grassland spaces between the shrub islands. Each ceramic tile had 21 paint samples that ranged from 175oF to 1150 oF in 50 degree increments. Experimental Methods: This experiment is located in watersheds 4B and 20C at KPBS. Both watersheds were chosen for their burn frequencies and abundant Cornus drummondii. Starting in May 2015, 20 discrete shrub islands were chosen in the lowlands that spanned the length of each watershed. In each watershed, 10 shrub islands were randomly assigned the browsing treatment and the remaining shrub islands act as an unmanipulated control to the browsing treatment. Our browsing treatment is a simulated browsing treatment, where 50% of new aboveground meristematic growth is removed using clippers or hands. Browsing occurs once a month during the growing season (May - September), all biomass removed is moved away from the shrub islands. In watershed 4B a prescribed fire occurred in April 2017.Data Collection Methods: Species Composition: This protocol is the same that is used in the PVC02 long-term data set but adapted for our study. In the center of each selected shrub island in watersheds 4B and 20C a surveyor's pin with a 1.78 m long chain is used to get canopy cover of all vascular plants within a 10 m2 circular area. Canopy cover is estimated using a modified Daubenmire cover scale (Bailey and Poulton, 1968. Ecology 49:1 - 13), the cover categories are the same as described in PVC02.Shrub Area: The area was calculated by taking two diameter measurements perpendicular to each other at the center of the shrub islands and then put into an ellipsoidal area equation.Stem/Ramet Density: Every stem/ramet was counted within the shrub island area before the browsing treatment started and then at the end of the growing season in October. Additionally, stems/ramets were counted a month after the prescribed fire occurred in 4B.Gas Exchange: During the growing season (May - September) gas exchange measurements were taken once a month around solar noon at each shrub island using a LICOR - 6400. Within each shrub island 2 measurements were recorded, the first at the edge of the shrub island and the second at the center of the shrub island. All measurements were taken on new fully expanded leaves.Leaf Area Index (LAI): During the growing season (May - September) LAI measurements were taken once a month around solar noon at each shrub island using a LICOR-2000. Within each shrub island 2 measurements were recorded, the first at the edge of the shrub island and the second at the center of the shrub island. Additionally, 10 measurements in each watershed were taken in the space between shrub islands as a grassland control for LAI.13C Leaf Stable Isotope: Once a month during the growing season several new fully expanded leaves were clipped from each shrub island in each watershed. These leaves were then dried for 48 hours at 60oC and then powdered using a Wig-L-Bugrgrinder. Once ground the leaf material was processed using an elemental analyzer in sequence with an isotope-ratio mass-spectrometer. See Nippert et al. 2013 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081630) for an identical protocol. Diurnal Leaf Temperature: Leaf temperatures were taken every 6 hours during a 24 hour period (6AM, 12PM, 6PM, 12AM) in all of the shrub islands. These measurements were made at least once per month during the growing season (May - September) using an infrared radiometer (Apogee MI-220). Measurements were taken at 3 locations in each shrub island: southern side, center and northern side. At each location 2 measurements were made if possible, first in the upper canopy and the second in the understory. All measurements were made on fully expanded leaves.Diurnal Soil Moisture: Soil moisture is taken every 6 hours during a 24-hour period (6AM, 12PM, 6PM, 12AM) in all of the shrub islands and at 10 locations between each shrub island in each watershed. Measurements were taken at 3 locations within each shrub island: southern side, center and northern side. All measurements were made at least once a month during the growing season (May - September) using a handheld Stevens Hydraprobe soil moisture sensor.Root Non-Structural Carbohydrates: Several grams of root tissue were harvested at each shrub island each year prior to the shrubs leafing out and after leaf senescence. All root tissues were cleaned in DI water to remove all dirt impurities and then dried for 72 hours at 60oC before being ground up using a Wig-L-Bug® grinder. Then all of the samples had the non-structural carbohydrates extracted and were analyzed colormetrically using a spectrophotometer (Hendrix, 1993.Crops Science 6:1306-1311).   Fire Temperature: In watershed 4B prior to the prescribed fire 100 ceramic tiles with welder's temperature paint was placed in shrub islands and in the space between the shrubs. Each shrub island had 5 ceramic tiles placed in each cardinal direction (North, East, South, West) as well as 1 ceramic tile in the center of the shrub island. The remaining 20 tiles were placed randomly in the grassland spaces between the shrub islands. Each ceramic tile had 21 paint samples that ranged from 175 oF to 1150 oF in 50 degree increments. unknown FWE011 Plant cover data: this table gives plant community composition and cover data within each shrub at each site. Recyear Year of sample The data provider Year(YYYY) Watershed watershed The data provider watershed Shrub_id Plot number at each site (1 to 20) The data provider 1 20 number 1 Treatment Treatments of browsing (~50% removal of new meristematic growth), or control (no removal of plant material) The data provider Treatments of browsing (~50% removal of new meristematic growth), or control (no removal of plant material) SpeCode Species code The data provider 1 800 number 1 Family Taxa family name The data provider Taxa family name Genus Taxa associated with plant composition and cover class The data provider Taxa associated with plant composition and cover class Species Abbreviated species name The data provider Abbreviated species name Growth_form Plant life history trait (a = annual, b = biennial, p = perennial) The data provider a annual The data provider b biennial The data provider p perennial The data provider Life_form Plant functional type (f = forb, g = grass, s = sedge, w = woody, o = ferns and allies) The data provider f forb The data provider g grass The data provider s sedge The data provider w woody The data provider o ferns and allies The data provider Origin Plant species native (n) or invasive (i) The data provider n native species The data provider i invasive species The data provider Cover_class Vegetation cover classes (1-7) The data provider 1 7 number Cover Percent cover (%) calculated from cover class (1 = 0-1%, 2 = 2-5%, 3 = 5-25%, 4 = 25-50%, 5 = 50-75%, 6 = 75-95%, 7 = 95-100%) The data provider 1 100 number 0.5 Konza Prairie LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 \r\n 1 column , http://lter.konza.ksu.edu/sites/default/files/data/FWE011.csv None FWE012 Plant Gas Exchange data: this table gives leaf level gas exchange data for each shrub at each site. RecDate Date gas exchange samples were collected (YYYY-MM-DD) The data provider calendar date/time YYYY-MM-DD gregorian calendar RecYear Year of record The data provider Year (YYYY) Watershed Watershed The data provider Watershed Shrub_id Plot number at each site (1 to 20) The data provider 1 20 number 1 Treatment Treatments of browsing (~50% removal of new meristematic growth), or control (no removal of plant material) The data provider Treatments of browsing (~50% removal of new meristematic growth), or control (no removal of plant material) Sppcode Species code The data provider 1 800 number Genus Taxa associated with plant composition and cover class The data provider Taxa associated with plant composition and cover class Species Abbreviated species name The data provider Abbreviated species name Sample_location Location in shrub where gas exchange rates were taken (1 = shrub edge, 2 = shrub center) The data provider 1 shrub edge The data provider 2 shrub center The data provider A_net Net photosynthetic rate (µmole/m²/s) The data provider micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.0001 Conduct_s Stomatal conductance (mol/m²/s) The data provider molePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 Transpiration Transpiration (mmol/m²/s) The data provider millimolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.0001 Konza Prairie LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 \r\n 1 column , http://lter.konza.ksu.edu/sites/default/files/data/FWE012.csv None FWE013 Nonstructural carbohydrate data: this table gives Cornus drummondii root glucose, sucrose and starch values for each shrub at each site in technical replicates (glucose and sucrose are in triplicate; starch in duplicate), not corrected for shrub area. RecYear Year of record The data provider Year (YYYY) Watershed Watershed The data provider Watershed Shrub_id Plot number at each site (1 to 20) The data provider 1 20 number 1 Treatment Treatments of browsing (~50% removal of new meristematic growth), or control (no removal of plant material) The data provider Treatments of browsing (~50% removal of new meristematic growth), or control (no removal of plant material) Sppcode Species code from Konza taxa list The data provider dimensionless Genus Taxa associated with plant composition and cover class The data provider Taxa associated with plant composition and cover class Species Abbreviated species name The data provider Abbreviated species name nsc_type Nonstructural carbohydrate data: this table give root glucose, sucrose and starch value for each shrub at each site The data provider Nonstructural carbohydrate data: this table give root glucose, sucrose and starch value for each shrub at each site Concentration These values are on a per mass dry weight basis (mg/g) The data provider milligramsPerGram 0.01 DryWT These values are on a percent by dry weight basis (%) The data provider percent 0.01 Konza Prairie LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 \r\n 1 column , http://lter.konza.ksu.edu/sites/default/files/data/FWE013.csv None 2017-08-02 2017-08-02 Konza LTER http://www.konza.ksu.edu/ Biological Data Profile of the Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata devised by the Federal Geographic Data Committee. Drupal Ecological information Management Systems, version D7, Biological Data Profile module